Extradition Treaty with South Africa

SOUTH AFRICA

EXTRADITION TREATY WITH SOUTH AFRICA

TREATY DOC. 106-24

1999 U.S.T. LEXIS 158

September 16, 1999, Date-Signed

MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES

TRANSMITTING EXTRADITION TREATY BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA, SIGNED AT WASHINGTON ON SEPTEMBER 16, 1999

TEXT:

106TH CONGRESS

SENATE

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

THE WHITE HOUSE, May 18, 2000.

To the Senate of the United States:

With a view to receiving the advice and consent of the Senate to ratification, I transmit herewith the Extradition Treaty Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of South Africa, signed at Washington on September 16, 1999.

In addition, I transmit, for the information of the Senate, the report of the Department of State with respect to the Treaty. As the report explains, the Treaty will not require implementing legislation.

The provisions in this Treaty follow generally the form and content of extradition treaties recently concluded by the United States.

The Treaty is one of a series of modern [*2] extradition treaties being negotiated by the United States to counter criminal activities more effectively. Upon entry into force, the Treaty will replace the out-dated Treaty Relating to the Reciprocal Extradition of Criminals signed at Washington, December 18, 1947, and in force between the two countries since April 30, 1951. Together with the Treaty Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of South Africa on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters, also signed September 16, 1999, this Treaty will, upon entry into force, enhance cooperation between the law enforcement communities of the two countries. It will thereby make a significant contribution to international law enforcement efforts against serious offenses, including terrorism, organized crime, and drug-trafficking offenses.

I recommend that the Senate give early and favorable consideration to the Treaty and give its advice and consent to ratification.

WILLIAM J. CLINTON.

LETTER OF SUBMITTAL

DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Washington, April 19, 2000.

The PRESIDENT,

The White House.

THE PRESIDENT: I have the honor to submit to you the Extradition Treaty Between the Government [*3] of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of South Africa, signed at Washington on September 16, 1999. I recommend that the Treaty be transmitted to the Senate for its advice and consent to ratification.

The Treaty follows closely the form and content of extradition treaties recently concluded by the United States. The Treaty is the second modern extradition treaty that the United States has negotiated with a sub-Saharan African country in recent years (the other being Zimbabwe), and represents a major step forward in United States efforts to strengthen cooperation with countries in the region in combating terrorism, organized crime, drug trafficking and other offenses.

The Treaty is an important part of a concerted effort by the Department of State and the Department of Justice to modernize the legal tools available for the extradition of serious offenders. Upon entry into force, the Treaty will replace the Treaty Relating to the Reciprocal Extradition of Criminals signed at Washington December 18, 1947 and entered into force April 30, 1951. The current treaty has become outmoded and the new treaty will provide significant improvements. The new treaty will [*4] not require any implementing legislation.

Article 1 obligates the Parties to extradite to each other, pursuant to the provisions of the Treaty, persons who have been charged with or convicted of an extraditable offense.

Article 2 concerns extraditable offenses. Article 2(1) defines an extraditable offense as one punishable under the laws in both States by deprivation of liberty for a period of at least one year or by a more severe penalty. Use of such a "dual criminality" clause rather than a list of offenses covered by the Treaty obviates the need to renegotiate or supplement the Treaty as additional offenses become punishable under the laws in both States.

Article 2(2) defines an extraditable offense further as including attempting or conspiring to commit or aiding, abetting, inducing, counseling or procuring the commission of, or being an accessory before or after the fact to, an extraditable offense.

Additional flexibility is provided by Article 2(3), which provides that an offense shall be an extraditable offense whether or not the laws in the two States place the offense within the same category of offenses or describe the offense by the same terminology; or the offense is one [*5] for which United States federal law requires the showing of such matters as interstate transportation, or use of the mails or of other facilities affecting interstate or foreign commerce, such matters being merely for the purpose of establishing jurisdiction in a United States federal court.

With regard to offenses committed outside the territory of the Requesting State, Article 2(4) provides that extradition shall be granted where the laws in the Requested State provide for the punishment of an offense committed outside its territory in similar circumstances. It also provides that the executive authority of the Requested State may, in its discretion, grant extradition where its laws do not so provide.

Article 2(5) provides that extradition is also to be granted for a person convicted of but not yet sentenced, or convicted of and sentenced for an extraditable offense, for the purpose of sentence, or for enforcing such sentence or the remaining portion thereof, as the case may be.

As to an offense against a law relating to taxation, customs duties, exchange control, or other revenue matters, Article 2(6) provides that extradition may not be refused because the law of the Requested [*6] State does not impose the same kind of tax or duty or does not have the same kind of regulation as the law of the Requesting State.

Finally, Article 2(7) provides that if extradition is granted for an extraditable offense, it shall also be granted for other offenses specified in the request that do not meet the minimum deprivation of liberty requirement, provided that all other extradition requirements are met.

Article 3 provides that extradition shall not be refused on the ground of the nationality of the person sought.

As is customary in extradition treaties, Article 4 incorporates a political and military offense exception to the obligation to extradite. Article 4(1) states generally that extradition shall not be granted for political offenses. Article 4(2) specifies five specific categories of offenses that shall not be considered political offenses: (a) a murder or other violent crime against a Head of State or Deputy Head of State of the Requesting or Requested State, or a member of such person’s family; (b) an offense for which both the Requesting and Requested States have the obligation pursuant to a multilateral international agreement to extradite the person sought or to [*7] submit the case to their respective competent authorities for decision as to prosecution (e.g., the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizures of Aircraft, done at the Hague on 16 December 1970, 22 UST 1641, TIAS 7192.); (c) murder; (d) an offense involving kidnapping, abduction, or any form of unlawful detention, including the taking of a hostage; and (e) attempting or conspiring to commit, aiding, abetting, inducing, counseling or procuring the commission of, or being an accessory before or after the fact to such offenses.

Article 4(c) further provides that notwithstanding the five exceptions in Article 4(2), extradition shall not be granted if the executive authority of the Requested State determines that there are substantial grounds for believing that the request has been made for the purpose of prosecuting or punishing a person on account of that person’s gender, race, religion, nationality, or political opinion.

Article 4(4) requires that extradition be denied for offenses under military law that are not offenses under ordinary criminal law (for example, desertion).

Under Article 5, when an offense for which surrender is sought is punishable [*8] by death under the laws in the Requesting State but not under the laws in the Requested State, the Requested State may refuse extradition unless the Requesting State provides assurances that the death penalty will not be imposed, or if imposed, will not be carried out. It further provides that if the Requesting State provides such an assurance, the death penalty, if imposed by the courts of the Requesting State, shall not be carried out.

Article 6 bars extradition when the person sought has been convicted or acquitted in the Requested State for the same offense, but does not bar extradition if the competent authorities in the Requested State have declined to prosecute or have decided to discontinue criminal proceedings against the person sought, provided that such discontinuance does not have the effect of acquittal, or have decided merely to investigate the person for the same acts or omissions.

Article 7 concerns temporary and deferred surrender. If a person whose extradition is sought is being prosecuted or is serving a sentence in the Requested State, the Requested State may postpone the extradition proceedings until its prosecution has been concluded or the sentence has been [*9] served.

Alternatively, that State may temporarily surrender the person to the Requesting State for the purpose of prosecution. The person so surrendered shall be kept in custody in the Requesting State and returned to the Requested State after the conclusion of the proceedings against that person, on conditions agreed between the Requesting and Requested States.

Article 8 provides that extradition shall not be granted when the prosecution has become barred by lapse of time according to the laws in the Requesting State.

Article 9 establishes the procedures and describes the documents that are required to support a request for extradition. It requires that all requests be submitted in writing through the diplomatic channel. Article 9(3) provides that among other things a request for the extradition of a person sought for prosecution must be supported by such information as would justify committal for extradition under the laws of the Requested State, but that neither State is required to meet the higher standard of establishing a prima facie case.

Article 10 establishes the procedures under which documents submitted pursuant to Article 9 shall be received and admitted into evidence in [*10] each State when it is the Requested State.

Article 11 specifies that any extradition-related document that is not in English must be accompanied by an English translation.

Article 12 provides that if the executive authority of the Requested State determines that information furnished in support of the request for extradition furnished in support of the request for extradition is insufficient to enable the request for extradition to be granted, it shall notify the Requesting State and may fix a reasonable time limit for furnishing additional information. The article provides further that nothing shall prevent the executive authority of the Requested State from presenting to a court of that State information sought or obtained after submission of the request to the Court or after expiration of the time fixed for providing additional information.

Article 13 sets forth procedures for the provisional arrest and detention of the person sought in cases of urgency, pending receipt of the documents in support of an extradition request, as provided in Article 9. Article 13(4) provides that if the Requested State’s executive authority has not received the documents required in Article 9 upon [*11] the expiration of sixty days from the date of provisional arrest, the person may be discharged from custody. It provides further that receipt by the Embassy of the Requested State located in the Requesting State shall constitute receipt by the executive authority of the Requested State. Article 13(5) explicitly provides that the release of a person from custody pursuant to Article 13(4) does not prejudice subsequent re-arrest and extradition if the documents required in Article 9 are delivered at a later date.

Article 14 specifies the procedures governing surrender and return of persons sought. It requires the Requested State to provide prompt notice to the Requesting State of its decision on the request for extradition and to provide reasons for any complete or partial refusal of a request. If extradition is granted, the relevant authorities of the States shall agree on the date and place for the surrender of the person sought including rescheduling that date if circumstances beyond the control of either state prevent surrendering or receiving the person sought. Article 14(4) provides that if the person sought is not removed from the territory of the Requested State within the time [*12] period prescribed by the law of that State, the person may be discharged from custody and the Requested State, in its discretion, may subsequently refuse extradition for the same offense.

Article 15 provides a non-exclusive list of factors to be considered by the Requested State in determining to which State to surrender a person sought by more than one State.

Article 16 provides that if extradition is granted, the Requested State may, to the extent permitted under its law, seize and surrender to the Requesting State all properly found in the Requested State and acquired as a result of the offense or connected thereto or that may be required as evidence. Such property may be surrendered, upon request, even if the extradition cannot be carried out due to the death, disappearance, or escape of the person sought. Surrender of the property may be temporary, upon satisfactory assurances concerning its return, or may be deferred if the property is required in connection with pending criminal proceedings in the Requested State. Article 16(4) provides that any rights of the Requested State or third parties may have to such property must be duly respected in accordance with the law in the [*13] Requested State.

Article 17 sets forth one aspect of the rule of specialty under international law. It provides, subject to specific exceptions, that a person extradited under the Treaty may not be detained, tried or punished in the Requesting State for any offense committed before his or her extradition other than for (a) an offense for which extradition has been granted or any other extraditable offense of which the person could be convicted on the same facts, or a lesser included offense; or (b) an offense for which the executive authority of the Requested State consents to the person’s detention, trial or punishment. These restrictions do not apply if the person has had an opportunity to leave the territory of the Requesting state after extradition and has not done so within fifteen days or has left and voluntarily returned.

Article 18 addresses another aspect of the rule of specialty, barring re-extradition for a crime committed prior to surrender under this Treaty without the consent of the Requested State who had surrendered the person (unless, as in Article 17, the person has voluntarily remained more than fifteen days from final discharge or has left and voluntarily returned). [*14] Article 18 makes clear that such re-extradition is prohibited not only to third states but also to international tribunals, consistent with the rule of specialty under international law.

Article 19 permits surrender by the Requested State without further proceedings if the person sought consents to be surrendered.

Article 20 governs that transit through the territory of one Sate of a person being surrendered to the other State by a third State when authorized by the transit State.

Article 21 contains provisions on representation and expenses. Specifically, the Requested State must bear the expenses incurred and represent the interests of the Requesting State in any proceedings arising out of a request for extradition. The requested State must also bear expenses incurred in the arrest and detention of the person sought until that person is surrendered to the Requesting State. The Requesting State must pay all expenses incurred in translation of extradition documents and in conveying the person from the territory of the Requested State. Article 21(4) clarifies that neither State shall make any pecuniary claim against the other State arising out of the arrest, detention, examination, [*15] or surrender of persons under the Treaty.

Article 22 provides that the United States and South African Departments of Justice may consult with each other directly or though INTERPOL in connection with the processing of individual cases in furtherance of efficient implementation of the Treaty.

Article 23 makes the Treaty applicable to offenses contemplated in Article 2 whether committed before, on or after the date the Treaty enters into force. It also provides that nothing in the Treaty will require or authorize any action by the Requested State that is contrary to the constitution of that State.

Article 24 contains final clauses dealing with the Treaty’s entry into force and termination. It provides that the Treaty is subject to ratification and that the Treaty shall enter into force upon the exchange of instruments of ratification, which is to take place as soon as possible. Either State may terminate the Treaty by giving six months written notice to the other State.

Article 24(3) provides that, upon entry into force of this Treaty, the Treaty Relating to the Reciprocal Extradition of Criminals, signed at Washington December 18, 1947, shall cease to have any effect. Nevertheless, [*16] that Treaty shall continue to apply to any extradition proceedings in which extradition documents have already been submitted to the courts of the Requested State at the time this Treaty enters into force, except that Article 17 and 18, addressing the rule of specialty, and Article 19 providing for voluntary surrender, shall apply to such extradition cases.

A Technical Analysis explaining in detail the provisions of the Treaty is being prepared by the United States negotiating delegation, consisting of representatives from the Departments of Justice and State, and will be transmitted separately to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations.

The Department of Justice joins the Department of State in favoring approval of this Treaty by the Senate at an early date.

Respectfully submitted,

STROBE TALBOTT.

EXTRADITION TREATY BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA

The Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of South Africa;

Recalling the Treaty Relating to the Reciprocal Extradition of Criminals, signed at Washington December 18, 1947,

Noting that both the Government of the United States [*17] of America and the Government of the Republic of South Africa currently apply the terms of that Treaty, and

Desiring to provide for more effective cooperation between the two States in the fight against crime, and, for that purpose, to conclude a new treaty for the extradition of offenders;

Hereby agree as follows:

Article 1

Obligation to Extradite

The Parties agree to extradite to each other, pursuant to the provisions of this Treaty, persons whom the authorities in the Requesting State have charged with or convicted of an extraditable offence.

Article 2

Extraditable Offences

An offence shall be an extraditable offence if it is punishable under the laws in both States by deprivation of liberty for a period of at least one year or by a more severe penalty.
An offence shall also be an extraditable offence if it consists of attempting or conspiring to commit, or aiding, abetting, inducing, counseling or procuring the commission of, or being an accessory before or after the fact to, any offence described in sub-article 1.
For the purposes of this Article, an offence shall be an extraditable offence whether or not the:
1. laws in the Requesting and Requested States place [*18] the offence within the same category of offences or describe the offence by the same terminology; or
2. offence is one for which United States federal law requires the showing of such matters as interstate transportation, or use of the mails or of other facilities affecting interstate or foreign commerce, such matters being merely for the purpose of establishing jurisdiction in a United States Federal court.
If an offence has been committed outside the territory of the Requesting State, extradition shall be granted where the laws in the Requested State provide for the punishment of an offence committed outside its territory in similar circumstances. Where the laws in the Requested State do not so provide, the executive authority of the Requested State may, in its discretion, grant extradition.
Extradition shall also be granted in respect of a person convicted of but not yet sentenced, or convicted of and sentenced for an offence as contemplated in this Article, for the purpose of sentence, or for enforcing such sentence or the remaining portion thereof, as the case may be.
Where extradition of a person is sought for an offence against a law relating to taxation, customs [*19] duties, exchange control, or other revenue matters, extradition may not be refused on the ground that the law of the Requested State does not impose the same kind of tax or duty or does not contain a tax, customs duty, or exchange regulation of the same kind as the law of the Requesting State.
If the request for extradition relates to more than one offence and extradition is granted for an extraditable offence, it shall also be granted for any other offence specified in the request even if the latter offence is punishable by one year’s deprivation of liberty or less, provided that all other requirements for extradition are met.

Article 3

Nationality

Extradition shall not be refused on the ground of the nationality of the person sought.

Article 4

Political and Military Offences

Extradition shall not be granted if the offence for which extradition is requested is a political offence.
For the purposes of this Treaty, the following offences shall not be considered political offences:
1. a murder or other violent crime against a Head of State or Deputy Head of State of the Requesting or Requested State, or of or against a member of such person’s family;
2. an offence for [*20] which both the Requesting and Requested States have the obligation pursuant to a multilateral international agreement to extradite the person sought or to submit the case to their respective competent authorities for decision as to prosecution;
3. murder;
4. an offence involving kidnapping, abduction, or any form of unlawful detention, including the taking of a hostage; and
5. attempting or conspiring to commit, aiding, abetting, inducing, counseling or procuring the commission of, or being an accessory before or after the fact to such offences.
Notwithstanding the terms of sub-article 2, extradition shall not be granted if the executive authority of the Requested State determines that there are substantial grounds for believing that the request has been made for the purpose of prosecuting or punishing a person on account of that person’s gender, race, religion, nationality, or political opinion.
The executive authority of the Requested State shall refuse extradition for offences under military law that are not offences under ordinary criminal law.

Article 5

Capital Punishment

When the offence for which extradition is sought is punishable by death under the laws [*21] in the Requesting State, and is not punishable by death under the laws in the Requested State, the Requested State may refuse extradition unless the Requesting State provides assurances that the death penalty will not be imposed, or if imposed, will not be carried out.
In instances in which a Requesting State provides an assurance in accordance with this Article, the death penalty, if imposed by the courts of the Requesting State, shall not be carried out.

Article 6

Non Bis in Idem

Extradition shall not be granted when the person sought has been convicted or acquitted in the Requested State of the offence for which extradition is requested.
Extradition shall not be precluded by the fact that the competent authorities of the Requested State have decided either:
1. not to prosecute the person sought for the acts or omissions for which extradition is requested;
2. to discontinue any criminal proceedings which have been instituted against the person sought for those acts or omissions, provided that such discontinuance does not have the effect of acquittal: or
3. to investigate the person sought for the same acts or omissions.

Article 7

Temporary and Deferred Surrender [*22]

The Requested State may postpone the extradition proceedings against a person who is being prosecuted or who is serving a sentence in that State until such prosecution has been concluded or any such sentence has been served.
If the extradition request is granted in the case of a person who is being prosecuted or is serving a sentence in the Requested State, that State may temporarily surrender the person sought to the Requesting State for the purpose of prosecution. The person so surrendered shall be kept in custody in the Requesting State and shall be returned to the Requested State after the conclusion of the proceedings against that person, in accordance with conditions to be determined by mutual agreement between the Requesting and Requested States.

Article 8

Lapse of Time

Extradition shall not be granted when the prosecution has become barred by lapse of time according to the laws in the Requesting State.

Article 9

Extradition Procedures and Required Documents

All requests for extradition shall be made in writing and shall be submitted through the diplomatic channel.
All requests shall be supported by:
1. information describing the facts of the offence(s) and [*23] the procedural history of the case;
2. a statement or text of the law, if any, creating or relating to the offence(s) for which the extradition is requested;
3. a statement or text of the relevant law prescribing maximum punishment for the offence(s);
4. a statement or text of the law relating to lapse of time which shall be conclusive;
5. as accurate a description as possible of the person sought together with any other information which may help to establish that person’s identity or nationality and probable location; and
6. the documents, statements, or other information specified in sub-article 3 or 4, as the case may be.
In addition to the information, statements or documents referred to in sub-article 2, a request for extradition of a person who is sought for prosecution shall also be supported by:
1. a copy of the warrant or order of arrest, if any, issued by a judge or other competent authority;
2. a copy of the indictment, charge sheet, or other charging document; and
3. such information as would justify committal for extradition under the laws of the Requested State, but neither State is required to establish a prima facie case.
In addition [*24] to the information, statements or documents referred to in subarticle 2, a request relating to a person who has been convicted of the offence for which extradition is sought shall also be supported by:
1. a copy of the judgment of conviction, or, if a copy is not available, a statement by a judicial officer or other competent authority that the person has been convicted or a copy of any record of conviction that reflects the charge and the conviction;
2. information establishing that the person sought is the person to whom the finding of guilt refers;
3. a copy of the sentence imposed, if the person sought has been sentenced, and a statement establishing to what extent the sentence has been carried out; and
4. in the case of a person who has been convicted in absentia, the documents required by sub-article 3.

Article 10

Admissibility of Documents

Any document referred to in Article 9 shall be received in evidence in any proceedings for extradition if:

In the case of a request from the United States, such document is:
1. accompanied by a certificate according to the example set out in the Annex to this Treaty; or
2. authenticated by the signature and seal [*25] of office of:
  1. the head of a South African diplomatic or consular mission or a person in the administrative or professional division of the public service serving at a South African diplomatic, consular, or trade office in the United States of America or a South African foreign service officer grade VII or an honorary South African consul general, vice-consul or trade commissioner; or
  2. any government authority of the United States of America charged with the authentication of documents in terms of its domestic law; or
  3. any notary public or other person in the United States of America who shall be shown by a certificate of any person referred to in subparagraphs (i) or (ii) or of any diplomatic or consular officer of the United States of America in the Republic of South Africa to be duly authorized to authenticate such document in terms of the domestic law of the United States of America
In the case of a request from the Republic of South Africa, such document is certified by the principal diplomatic or principal consular officer of the United States resident in the Republic of South Africa, as provided by the extradition laws of the United States; or
[*26] Such document is certified or authenticated in any other manner acceptable by the laws in the Requested State.

Article 11

Translation

Any document produced in relation to extradition proceedings in terms of this Treaty which is not in English shall be accompanied by a translation in English.

Article 12

Additional Information

If the executive authority of the Requested State considers that the information furnished in support of the request for extradition is not sufficient to enable the request for extradition to be granted, it shall notify the Requesting State in order to enable that State to furnish additional information.
The executive authority may fix a reasonable time limit for such information to be furnished.
Nothing shall prevent the executive authority of the Requested State from presenting to a court of that State information sought or obtained after submission of the request to the Court or after expiration of the time stipulated pursuant to sub-article 2.

Article 13

Provisional Arrest

In case of urgency, the Requesting State may, for the purpose of extradition, request the provisional arrest of the person sought pending presentation of the documents in support [*27] of the extradition request. A request for provisional arrest may be transmitted through the diplomatic channel or directly between the United States Department of Justice and the Republic of South Africa Department of Justice. The facilities of the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) also may be used to transmit such a request. The application may also be transmitted by post, telegraph, telefax, or any other means affording a record in writing.
The application for provisional arrest shall contain:
1. a description of the person sought;
2. the location of the person sought, if known;
3. a description of the offence(s);
4. a concise statement of the acts or omissions alleged to constitute the offence(s);
5. a description of the punishment that can be imposed or has been imposed for the offence(s);
6. a statement that a document referred to in Article 9(3)(a) or Article 9(4)(a), as the case may be, exists; and
7. a statement that the documents supporting the extradition request for the person sought will follow within the time specified in this Treaty.
Prompt attention shall be given to such application and the Requesting State shall be [*28] notified as soon as possible of the decision regarding its application for provisional arrest and, if applicable, the reasons for any inability to proceed with the application.
A person who is provisionally arrested may be discharged from custody upon the expiration of sixty (60) days from the date of provisional arrest pursuant to this Treaty if the executive authority of the Requested State has not received the documents required in Article 9. For this purpose, receipt of said documents by the Embassy of the Requested State in the Requesting State shall constitute receipt by the executive authority of the Requested State.
The release from custody of a person pursuant to sub-article 4 shall not prejudice the subsequent re-arrest and extradition of that person if the documents required in Article 9 are delivered at a later date.

Article 14

Decision and Surrender

The Requested State shall promptly notify the Requesting State of its decision on the request for extradition.
Reasons shall be given by the Requested State for any complete or partial refusal of a request for extradition. The Requested State shall provide copies of pertinent judicial decisions upon request.
[*29] If the request for extradition is granted, the relevant authorities of the Requesting and Requested States shall agree on the date and place for the surrender of the person sought.
If the person sought is not removed from the territory of the Requested State within the time period prescribed by the law of that State, that person may be discharged from custody, and the Requested State, in its discretion, may subsequently refuse extradition for the same offence.
If circumstances beyond its control prevent either the Requesting State or the Requested State from respectively surrendering or receiving the person sought, the State so prevented shall notify the other accordingly and seek to agree on a new date for such surrender.

Article 15

Concurrent Requests

Where requests are received from two or more States for the extradition of the same person, either for the same offence or for different offences, the executive authority of the Requested State shall determine to which of those States, if any, the person is to be extradited and shall notify the Requesting State of its decision.
In determining to which State the person is to be extradited, the Requested State shall consider [*30] all relevant factors, including but not limited to:
1. whether the requests were made pursuant to an extradition treaty;
2. the relative seriousness of the offences, should those requests relate to different offences;
3. the time and place of commission of each offence;
4. the respective dates on which the requests were received from the respective States;
5. the interests of the respective States;
6. the nationality of the victim; and
7. the possibility of any subsequent extradition between the respective States.

Article 16

Seizure and Surrender of Property

To the extent permitted under its law, the Requested State may seize and surrender to the Requesting State all property, including articles and documents, that may be found in the Requested State and that has been acquired as a result of the offence or is connected thereto or may be required as evidence, if extradition is granted.
The property referred to in sub-article 1 may be surrendered to the Requesting State, if the latter so requests, even if the extradition cannot be carried out due to the death, disappearance, or escape of the person sought.
Where the said property is liable to seizure [*31] or confiscation within the jurisdiction of the Requested State, the latter may, upon satisfactory assurances from the Requesting State that the property will be returned within a fixed period of time or as soon as practicable, temporarily surrender that property to the Requesting State. The Requested State may also defer the surrender of such property if it is required in connection with pending criminal proceedings in the jurisdiction of the Requested State.
Any rights which the Requested State or third parties may have to such property shall be duly respected in accordance with the law in the Requested State.

Article 17

Rule of Specialty

A person extradited under this Treaty shall not be detained, tried, or punished in the Requesting State for any offence committed before his or her extradition other than an offence:
1. for which extradition was granted or any other extraditable offence of which the person could be convicted upon proof of the facts upon which the request for extradition was granted, or is a lesser included offence;
2. for which the executive authority of the Requested State consents to the person’s detention, trial, or punishment. For the purpose of [*32] this paragraph:
  1. the Requested State may require the submission of the documentation referred to in Article 9; and
  2. the person extradited may be detained by the Requesting State for sixty (60) days, or for such longer period of time as the Requested State may authorize, pending the processing of the request.
Sub-article 1 of this Article shall not apply if:
1. the person extradited leaves the territory of the Requesting State after extradition and voluntarily returns to it; or
2. the person extradited has had an opportunity to leave the territory of the Requesting State and has not done so within fifteen (15) days of final discharge in respect of the offence for which that person was extradited.

Article 18

Surrender to a Third State or an International Tribunal

Where a person has been surrendered to the Requesting State by the Requested State, the Requesting State shall not surrender that person to any third State or an international tribunal for an offence committed before that person’s surrender unless:
1. the Requested State consents to that surrender; or
2. the person has had an opportunity to leave the territory of the Requesting State [*33] and has not done so within fifteen (15) days of final discharge in respect of the offence for which that person was surrendered by the Requested State or has returned to the territory of the Requesting State after leaving it.
Before acceding to a request pursuant to sub-article 1, the Requested State may request relevant information.

Article 19

Waiver

If the person sought consents to be surrendered to the Requesting State, the Requested State may surrender the person as expeditiously as possible without further proceedings.

Article 20

Transit

Either State may authorize transportation through its territory of a person surrendered to the other State by a third State.
A request for transit shall be transmitted through the diplomatic channel or directly between the United States Department of Justice and the Department of Justice of the Republic of South Africa. In cases of urgency, the facilities of the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) may also be used to transmit such a request.
The request for transit shall contain:
1. a description of the person together with any information that may help to establish his or her identity and nationality; and
2. [*34] a brief statement of the facts of the case, and a list of the offences for which the person was surrendered by the third State.
Permission for the transit of a person shall, subject to the law of the Requested State, include permission for the person to be held in custody during transit. If transportation is not continued within a reasonable time, the executive authority of the State in whose territory the person is being held may direct that the person be released.
Authorization is not required when air transportation is used by one State and no landing is scheduled on the territory of the other State. If an unscheduled landing does occur, the State in whose territory such landing occurs may require a request for transit pursuant to sub-article 2, and it may detain the person until the request for transit is received and the transit is effected, provided that such request is received within 96 hours of the unscheduled landing.

Article 21

Representation and Expenses

The Requested State shall make all necessary arrangements for and meet the cost of any proceedings arising out of a request for extradition and shall advise, assist, appear in court on behalf of, and otherwise [*35] represent the interests of the Requesting State.
The Requested State shall bear the expenses incurred in its territory or jurisdiction in the arrest and detention of the person whose extradition is sought until that person is surrendered to a person nominated by the Requesting State.
The Requesting State shall pay all the expenses incurred in the translation of extradition documents and in conveying the person from the territory of the Requested State.
Neither State shall make any pecuniary claim against the other State arising out of the arrest, detention, examination, or surrender of persons under this Treaty.

Article 22

Consultation

The United States Department of Justice and the Department of Justice of the Republic of South Africa or persons designated by the respective Departments of Justice may consult with each other directly or through the facilities of the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) in connection with the processing of individual cases and in furtherance of efficient implementation of this Treaty.

Article 23

Application

This Treaty shall apply to any offence contemplated in Article 2, whether committed before, on, or after the date upon [*36] which this Treaty enters into force. Nothing in this treaty shall be deemed to require or authorize any action by the Requested State that is contrary to the constitution of that State.

Article 24

Ratification, Entry into Force, and Termination

This Treaty shall be subject to ratification, and the instruments of ratification shall be exchanged as soon as possible.
This Treaty shall enter into force upon the exchange of the instruments of ratification.
Upon the entry into force of this Treaty, the Treaty Relating to the Reciprocal Extradition of Criminals, signed at Washington December 18, 1947, shall cease to have any effect. Nevertheless, the prior Treaty shall apply to any extradition proceedings in which the extradition documents have already been submitted to the courts of the Requested State at the time this Treaty enters into force, except that Article 19 of this Treaty shall be applicable to such proceedings. Articles 17 and 18 of this Treaty shall apply to persons found extraditable under the prior Treaty.
Either State may terminate this Treaty at any time by giving written notice to the other State, and the termination shall be effective six months after the date [*37] of such notice.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned, being duly authorized by their respective Governments, have signed this Treaty.

DONE at Washington in duplicate, this sixteenth day of September, 1999.

FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:

FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA:

APPENDICES:

ANNEX

APPOSTILLE

(Convention de la Haye du 5 Octobre 1961)

Extradition Treaty with South Africa

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